• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Reinforced earth wall and method of manufacturing it. The present invention concerns a ground wall reinforced with textiles (1) of woven or non-woven fibers embedded in a compacted earth matrix obtained from the mixture of soil and water fractions (2b) which is compacted inside of a formwork (3), as well as the method of manufacturing it. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2628281A1
    申请号:ES201531869
    申请日:2015-12-22
    公开日:2017-08-02
    发明作者:Ernest BERNAT MASÓ；Lluís GIL ESPERT
    申请人:Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya UPC；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    5
    10
    fifteen
    twenty
    25
    30
    35
    40
    Four. Five
    fifty
    Reinforced earth wall and manufacturing method thereof OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention relates to a wall composed of land reinforced with textiles, which offers mechanical-resistant characteristics similar to poor reinforced concrete, with the advantage of reducing energy consumption through the use of local materials, and which is preferably intended for walls of building load. It also refers to the procedure for its manufacture.
    FIELD OF APPLICATION OF THE INVENTION
    The field of application of the present invention is part of the construction and architecture sector, focusing but not limited to the scope of structural systems.
    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    The use of land as a building material dates back to the beginning of civilization. Its adaptive evolution to the environment in which it was built led to the development of different technologies such as adobe, cob or tapia, the latter being particularly popular in the Mediterranean region.
    The wall was widely used until the beginning of the 20th century and its main application was the construction of load-bearing walls. For this, a device called a tapial was used. This constituted a formwork into which to pour and tamp wet earth by means of a wooden element called pison. The dimensions of the traditional tapial were related to the maneuverability on the part of the builders, who should fit inside the tapial and in turn be able to move it from one position to the next horizontally, building the walls by horizontal sections and repeating the operation in increasing height at finish a "course". Traditionally, the tapestries were formed by two parallel wooden plates reinforced with wooden crossbars, which were arranged opposite each other. In general they relied on iron or steel elements that crossed the wall (needles) and that served, in turn, to restrict their opening in the lower area. The use of ropes to join the two panels of the tapial allowed to limit its opening in the upper level.
    Today, the introduction of new formwork systems and mechanical rammers of pneumatic or electric type allow a more controlled, safe and cheap execution in the realizations that are carried out in a timely manner.
    Regarding recent developments, various studies and inventions have focused on the dosage of the soils used for the construction of wall structures and their improvement by chemical or mineral additives. In this line, Maldonado et al. [1] analyzed the possibility of increasing the durability of the wall against erosion by the action of water by adding various chemical agents or cement. Regarding the dosage, Ciancio et al. [2], Jimenez et al. [3] and Da Rocha et al. [4] presented different proposals relating the properties of soil materials (clay, silt, sand and gravel) and their dosage on the properties of the resulting material in terms of compactness, density, resistance to erosion and / or resistance to compression.
    Other publications focus on the control and choice of the optimum degree of humidity to achieve maximum compactness and therefore better resistant properties. In this sense, the work published by Schroeder [5] shows a relationship between the initial humidity, the curing process and the final resistance of wall walls.
    Another line of development involves determining and exploiting the thermal and acoustic insulation properties of the wall. In this direction, the work of Heathcote [6] demonstrates the great thermal inertia of the wall construction, which softens the thermal changes.
    In spite of the developments and inventions described, the use of land in general and of tapia in particular as a construction system is limited by the mechanical properties of the resulting material. In particular, the fragility associated with flexural and shear stresses has curtailed its use because it does not meet the current minimum structural safety requirements.
    In this regard, Blondet et al. [7] proposed embedding gray hairs in tapia walls as a proposal for internal reinforcement against the earthquake, or Barrionuevo et al. [8] developed the Domocana to make mortar decks armed with vegetable gray hair.
    DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention concerns a reinforced earth wall defined by two walls. Said wall consists of a compacted earth matrix that includes in its core a reinforcement composed of woven fiber textiles and / or nonwoven fibers textiles, said textiles having a flexibility that allows radii of curvature less than 10mm
    5
    10
    fifteen
    twenty
    25
    30
    35
    40
    Four. Five
    fifty
    55
    The constructive system of tapia reinforced with textiles combines the architectural, environmental, acoustic insulation and thermal inertia advantages of the wall with the tensile strength, ductility and resistant development of the fibers that constitute the reinforcement textile.
    The use of different types of textiles allows adapting the constructive solution to the requirements of the structure. Thus, the use of more resistant fibers will provide greater resistance to flexo-traction of the structural element, but greater flexibility may provide the possibility of developing a greater ductile behavior, this second situation being more suitable for dealing with seismic events. Among the planned, but not limited, materials include glass fiber, basalt fiber, carbon fiber, aramid fiber, any synthetic fiber based on polymers and fibers of natural, plant or animal origin, such as esparto, canamo, wool, silk or others of both natural and artificial origin.
    It is proposed that said compacted earth matrix include within it textile layers arranged in parallel to the walls of the wall, preferably arranged at a distance of 20 mm from said walls of the wall. It is proposed that the minimum distance between the textile layers and the walls of the wall be 2mm.
    The reinforcement composed of woven fiber textiles and / or nonwoven fiber textiles is characterized by having a minimum tensile strength of 25MPa.
    Preferably said compacted soil matrix is composed of a mixture of soils with a maximum clay content of 50%, and / or with a moisture content relative to the dry weight of the solid fractions between 5% and 30%.
    Preferably, it is envisaged to use woven fiber textiles of the bi-directional mesh type, although the use of woven fiber mesh fabrics with sets of unidirectional fibers or tufts or the use of continuous textiles without configuration in tufts, whether woven or non-woven, is foreseen ( randomly arranged fibers). In any case, the flexibility of the textile will allow geometric adaptability with radii of curvature less than 10mm.
    Likewise, the use of one or another granulometric distribution in the earth matrix will allow to develop greater compressive strengths if large and resistant gravel type aggregates are included, or a better textile-earth connection if the diameter of the major particles of earth does not exceed 1/3 of the passage between tufts of a textile of woven fibers of mesh type.
    Likewise, according to a preferred embodiment, the compacted earth matrix will not include cement-based additives, although said option is not ruled out.
    In said reinforcement, the fibers or tufts that make up said textiles are proposed to be separated by a step distance in the range of 2mm to 100mm.
    The formwork where the reinforced textile wall is manufactured must be able to assume the thrusts derived from the soil compaction process and allow the positioning of separation elements that help keep the textile in position during the manufacturing process. The geometry, material and method of use of the formwork can vary from one case to another, being able to use complete formwork of the entire structure or formwork that allow the execution by parts and that move either vertically or horizontally. The use of release agents is foreseen, although it is not advised since it affects the drying process of the soil and the resistant characteristics of the resulting element.
    The proposed manufacturing method consists of the following steps, if known:
    a) mix different soils and water to obtain a mixture of granulometry and desired moisture lands;
    b) arrange a formwork, provided with two separate parallel main faces leaving a free thickness, in a manufacturing position;
    c) pouring said mixture of soil and water, obtained in step a), into said formwork;
    d) compacting said mixture of soil and water poured into the formwork;
    e) remove the formwork from the manufacturing position;
    The proposed method also includes the following additional novel stage:
    f) between stages b) and c), provide a reinforcement consisting of woven fiber textiles and / or nonwoven fibers textiles within the formwork, said textiles being held in position during the manufacturing process by means of separation elements.
    • A more detailed description of an example of the realization of the proposed method is attached below: Soil selection, mixing of the different fractions to obtain the desired particle size and humidity. Depending on the particle size and the degree of humidity, different degrees of compactness can be achieved, and therefore different densities. This process step can be done in parallel with the rest
    5
    10
    fifteen
    twenty
    25
    30
    35
    40
    Four. Five
    fifty
    • Provision of formwork and textiles in maintaining the separation of the textile with the walls of the formwork. To this end, separators and end fasteners can be used The position of the textile or textiles will define the ground covering on this / these, which can be constant or variable. One or more textiles can be embedded and their position and orientation will depend on the mechanical response sought for the element.
    • Pouring of the soil mixture initially obtained in the formwork, being carried out in a layer of preferably uniform thickness. The height of said layer may vary depending on the granulometry of the earth, the geometry of the formwork or the means of compaction to be used. It is recommended around 15cm.
    • Compaction of the earth by means manual (pison), semi-mechanical (press), mechanics (hammers, formwork vibrations, etc.) or any other system that compacts, until reaching the desired degree of compaction.
    • Repeat the pouring and compacting steps until the formwork allows it or until reaching the desired dimension for the element
    • De-form.
    • If the construction is done with mobile formwork, move the formwork to the next manufacturing position and repeat the steps described above.
    • Let dry until reaching a stable humidity level and in balance with the environment.
    In the initial step, the addition of substances for the improvement of the benefits of the resulting wall, whether in the form of cement, chemical additives or biological elements that develop binding properties or improve adhesion with the textile, is foreseen. The use of these additions can alter some of the steps of the manufacturing process, the drying described in the last point being the most sensitive.
    This manufacturing process will be carried out preferentially on-site to limit the CO2 emissions associated with transport, although industrial prefabrication and the subsequent transfer of parts would be possible.
    The in-situ execution of textile reinforced earth elements can be robotized by means of equipment capable of moving to the desired position of the structure, arranging the formwork, arranging the textile in position, mixing the soil and water fractions and partially or totally filling the formwork with the mixture and compress the earth by impacts or an almost-static compressive force, or any other compaction system.
    Said compaction is preferably produced by manual or mechanical tools for compacting the earth with an energy between 1kJ and 50kJ per m2.
    DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    In the drawings,
    The Figure 1 shows a section in which two walls of a formwork are observed, within which the textile has been placed on two surfaces close to the formwork and the mixture of uncompacted soil and water fractions has been poured into a layer of a height on a mixture of previously compacted soil and water fractions.
    The Figure 2 shows the three types of textile, which can be presented in the form of bidirectional mesh of different materials, in the form of unidirectional mesh of different materials or in the form of textile, woven or non-woven, continuous of different materials. In the case of meshes, the passage between strands is indicated.
    The Figure 3 shows the procedure for the use of the formwork during the construction of the structural element reinforced with textile land, either through the complete formwork of the entire element, the vertical displacement of the formwork or the horizontal displacement of the formwork.
    PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
    A possible example of non-limiting application is described below.
    The Figure 1 shows a section in which a formwork (3) is observed, provided with two separate parallel main faces leaving a free thickness partially occupied, in its lower part, by a mixture of previously compacted soil and water fractions (2b).
    Said Figure 1 also shows a layer (9) of a certain height of the mixture of uncompacted soil and water fractions (2a) poured into said free formwork thickness (3).
    Figure 1 also shows, arranged inside the formwork (3), a reinforcement composed of two textiles (1) located in two layers close to the formwork (3), parallel to said main faces.
    The Figure 2 shows the three types of textile (1), which can be presented in the form of bidirectional mesh (4) or in the form of unidirectional mesh (5), which provide a passage distance (7) between sets of fibers or tufts, or in the form of continuous textile (6), woven or non-woven, which does not provide said passage distance (7) between tufts. Said textiles (1) may be of different materials, for example selected from: glass fiber, basalt,
    5
    10
    fifteen
    twenty
    25
    30
    35
    carbon, aramid, any fiber synthesized based on polymers, fibers of natural, vegetable or animal origin, fibers of esparto, hemp, wool or silk.
    The Figure 3 shows the procedure for the use of the formwork (3) during the construction of the structural reinforced earth element with textile (1), either by means of the complete formwork (3) of the entire element, shown in the view (8a), either by the vertical displacement formwork (3) shown in the view (8b), or by the horizontal displacement formwork (3) shown in the view (8c).
    The proposed wall of wall has, according to the present embodiment, a door-type opening and is reinforced with textile (1) of fiberglass in the configuration of bidirectional mesh (4).
    For the execution of the example wall there is a foundation based on ashlars 60cm thick, 40cm deep and 3.5m long. On this base there is a formwork (3) made of 18mm thick wood chipboard plates and 57mmx57mm solid pine wood slats. The formwork surface (3) is 1m long and 60cm high. The formwork (3) consists of two separate parallel main faces leaving a free thickness of 35cm.
    Two textiles (1) of MapeGrid® G220 type fiberglass meshes are arranged in a vertical plane parallel to the main faces of the formwork (3) and at a constant distance of 20mm between the textile (1) and the formwork facing ensures through the use of plastic separators.
    The soil mixture is carried out in such a way that the proportion between gravel, sand and clay is 20%, 50% and 30% respectively. The mixture is humidified until a humidity relative to the dry weight of the solid fraction of 13% is reached and mixing is carried out by means of a small concrete mixer, generating tonings of about 60kg of material.
    The wet earth mixture is poured into the formwork in layers (9) of about 15cm and is compacted by mechanical ramming with a pneumatic ram in the central area between textiles (1), applying a total energy of 2kJ per m2 of horizontal section of wall. The previous operation is repeated until reaching a height of 50cm. Then the formwork (3) is moved horizontally to perform the next section with the same methodology. Textiles (1) of fiberglass meshes overlap in a length of 10cm.
    The opening of the door is defined by the formwork of their faces. In addition, textiles (1) of fiberglass meshes are placed around the opening in a vertical direction perpendicular to the surface of the wall coinciding with the sides of the opening, and in a horizontal plane perpendicular to the surface of the wall in the lintel . These textiles (1) are folded to overlap the main textiles (1) that run parallel to the main faces of the wall. The formwork that defines the opening of the door is maintained until the completion of the execution of the structure.
    Once the 3.5m high wall is finished, the formwork (3) is removed and allowed to dry until the humidity reaches a stable value. Drying time will depend on atmospheric conditions. At all times the wall is protected from the direct action of the rain.
    权利要求:
    Claims (19)
    [1]
    5
    10
    fifteen
    twenty
    25
    30
    35
    40
    Four. Five
    fifty
    55
    1. - Reinforced earth wall that defines two walls characterized in that said wall consists of a compacted earth matrix that includes in its core a reinforcement composed of textiles (1) of woven fibers and / or textiles of non-woven fibers, having said textiles (1) a flexibility that allows radii of curvature of less than 10mm.
    [2]
    2. - Wall according to claim 1, characterized in that said textiles (1) of woven fibers and / or textiles of nonwoven fibers are arranged in one or several layers within the compacted earth matrix, maintaining a minimum separation with the 2mm walls.
    [3]
    3. - Wall according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said compacted earth matrix includes within it textile layers (1) arranged parallel to the walls of the wall.
    [4]
    4. - Wall according to claim 3, characterized in that said layers are arranged at a distance of 20 mm from said walls of the wall.
    [5]
    5. - Wall according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fibers of said textile (1) of woven or non-woven fibers have a minimum tensile strength of 25MPa.
    [6]
    6. - Wall according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said reinforcement is composed of woven fiber textiles in the form of unidirectional meshes (5) or in the form of bidirectional meshes (4).
    [7]
    7. - Wall according to claims 6 characterized in that in said reinforcement, the fibers or tufts that make up said textiles (1) are separated by a step distance (7) in the range of 2mm to 100mm.
    [8]
    8. - Wall according to claim 7 characterized in that the diameter of the major particles of earth does not exceed 1/3 of the size of said passage distance (7) between tufts.
    [9]
    9. -Tapia according to claim 1, characterized in that said compacted earth matrix is composed of a mixture of earth (2a) with a maximum clay content of 50%.
    [10]
    10. - Wall according to claim 1 or 9, characterized in that said compacted soil matrix is composed of a mixture of soils with a moisture content relative to the dry weight of the solid fractions between 5% and 30%.
    [11]
    11. - Wall according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said compacted earth matrix is composed of a mixture of lands (2a) that include gravel formed by large and resistant aggregates.
    [12]
    12. - Wall according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said textiles (1) are composed of fibers selected from: glass, basalt, carbon, aramid fiber, any fiber synthesized based on polymers, fibers of natural, vegetable or animal origin, esparto fibers, hemp, wool or silk.
    [13]
    13. - Wall according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said soil mixture does not include cement-based additives.
    [14]
    14. - Tapia manufacturing method that includes the following steps:
    a) mix different soils and water to obtain a mixture of granulometry and desired moisture lands;
    b) arrange a formwork (3), provided with two separate parallel main faces leaving a free thickness, in a manufacturing position;
    c) pouring said mixture of soil and water, obtained in step a), into said formwork (3);
    d) compacting said mixture of soil and water poured into the formwork (3);
    e) remove the formwork (3) from the manufacturing position;
    characterized in that the method also includes the following stage:
    f) between stages b) and c), provide a reinforcement consisting of textiles (1) of woven fibers and / or textiles (1) of nonwoven fibers within the formwork (3), said textiles (1) being retained in position during the manufacturing process by means of separation elements.
    [15]
    15. - Manufacturing method according to claim 14 characterized in that said textiles (1) of woven fibers and / or textiles (1) of nonwoven fibers are arranged in parallel to said two parallel main faces separated from the formwork (3).
    [16]
    16.- Method according to claim 14 or 15 characterized in that said stage e) consists in removing said formwork (3) from a manufacturing position in which stages c), d) and intermediate stage f) have already been completed, until another manufacturing position of the same wall in which the stages c), d) and the intermediate stage f) have not yet been executed, the formwork (3) being a mobile formwork.
    17. Method according to claim 14, 15 or 16 characterized in that said step d) is produced by means of
    media selected from: manuals, semi-mechanics, mechanics, pison, press, hammer, formwork vibrations.
    [18]
    18. - Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 16, characterized in that said step d) is produced by manual or mechanical tools for compacting the earth (2a) with an energy
    10 between 1kJ and 50kJ per m2.
    [19]
    19. - Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 18, characterized in that said step c) provides a layer of soil mixture of constant height of about 15cm inside the formwork (3).
    [20]
    20. - Method according to any one of the preceding claims 14 to 19, characterized in that the wall is produced by executing horizontal sections and repeating the operation at increasing height.
    fifteen
    image 1
    image2
    //,
    image3
    k
    image4
    image5
    Figure 3
    类似技术:
    公开号 | 公开日 | 专利标题
    Gallipoli et al.2017|A geotechnical perspective of raw earth building
    Zareef2010|Conceptual and structural design of buildings made of lightweight and infra-lightweight concrete
    CN108343084A|2018-07-31|A kind of preparation method of assembled ecological permeable concrete retaining wall and its wall
    Gallipoli et al.2014|Raw earth construction: is there a role for unsaturated soil mechanics
    CN106460396A|2017-02-22|Concrete panel for constructing floor of building, shock absorption unit, and floor construction structure for building including same
    Garikapati et al.2020|Mechanical behavior of flax-lime concrete blocks made of waste flax shives and lime binder reinforced with jute fabric
    ES2628281B1|2018-05-10|Reinforced earth wall and its manufacturing method
    CN106337346A|2017-01-18|City landscape architecture pavement construction structure
    CN103556754A|2014-02-05|Single-line reinforcement thermal insulation bearing shear wall with T-shaped hidden posts at end parts and manufacturing method of shear wall
    Ansari et al.2013|Determination of structural properties of baked clay as replacement of RCC
    Librici2016|Modelling of the seismic performance of a rammed earth building
    Preciado et al.2020|Rammed earth sustainability and durability in seismic areas as a building material
    CN102776973A|2012-11-14|Composition | slab of steel bar welding orthogonal net rack and concrete
    Xu2018|Mechanical behaviour of compacted earth with respect to relative humidity and clay content: experimental study and constitutive modelling
    Shiso2019|In-plane structural response of single-storey unreinforced walls constructed using alternative masonry units
    Han et al.2020|Use of Compressed Earth Bricks/Blocks in Load-Bearing Masonry Structural Systems: A Review
    Krahn2019|Essential Rammed Earth Construction: The Complete Step-by-step Guide
    Jayaprakash et al.2016|PET bottles for eco-friendly building in sustainable development
    CN105089077B|2018-01-12|A kind of ultra-high performance concrete honeycomb combined manhole cover and preparation method thereof
    Ragav2021|Review Study on Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum | Panels
    Sargentis et al.2009|Earth building. Models, technical aspects, tests and environmental evaluation
    Shukla2016|Seismic strengthening of rammed earth constructions using reinforced coatings
    CN103252839A|2013-08-21|Manufacturing method of assembled reproducible quake-proof and fireproof wall plate
    Mumtaz2019|Strength characteristics of flyash-cement stabilized compressed earthen blocks
    CN207878714U|2018-09-18|A kind of sub- wall of assembled light concrete
    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    ES2628281B1|2018-05-10|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    US1475570A|1921-12-28|1923-11-27|George R Dye|Packed wall construction|
    US1655676A|1924-07-21|1928-01-10|Frank B Daggett|Building method|
    US4161852A|1977-10-17|1979-07-24|Schultz Karl V|Adobe wall construction|
    US4365451A|1980-01-08|1982-12-28|Nelson Lynn S|Poured adobe building construction and method of forming same|
    US4662946A|1982-10-05|1987-05-05|Mercer Frank B|Strengthening a matrix|
    US7073306B1|2003-05-29|2006-07-11|Harry Edward Hagaman|Method of building|
    EP2431545A2|2010-09-17|2012-03-21|Cematerre|Process for erecting at least one verticalwall made from earth|
    法律状态:
    2018-05-10| FG2A| Definitive protection|Ref document number: 2628281 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: B1 Effective date: 20180510 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ES201531869A|ES2628281B1|2015-12-22|2015-12-22|Reinforced earth wall and its manufacturing method|ES201531869A| ES2628281B1|2015-12-22|2015-12-22|Reinforced earth wall and its manufacturing method|
    [返回顶部]